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Cholesteatoma, is a type of cyst or nodule covered by a squamous epithelium similar to the scales (tissue formed by layers of cells joined together) in the middle ear and the mastoid process (mastoid bone of the skull located behind the external auditory canal).

This type of cyst can progressively extend and affect other regions of the ear such as the ossicles chain, leading to the appearance of a conduction deafness (this type of deafness appears when the transmission of sound in the outer ear or ear is disturbed). Medium). It is a recurrent disease and potentially dangerous for the patient because of the consequences it may have, so early diagnosis is essential for a good evolution.

Cholesteatomas that are not surgically removed can continue to grow or become infected. Cholesteatoma complications include hearing loss, paralysis of the cranial nerves, other neurological symptoms such as vertigo, venous thrombosis, and infections that can be severe, such as meningitis or a brain abscess. The most frequent of these is transmission deafness, which occurs in 30% of cases and is caused by the erosion of the ossicles chain.

Given the suspicion of cholesteatoma and in a complementary manner, an audiometry should be performed to detect the presence of hearing loss. Cholesteatomas are usually associated with a certain degree of conduction deafness, although hearing may be normal if the chain of ossicles is not affected.

The treatment of cholesteatoma varies considerably depending on the degree of activity of the lesion. The objectives of the treatment are the elimination of the keratinizing squamous epithelium of the temporal bone, control of superinfections and the preservation or recovery of hearing.

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