History of cryptocurrencies: Case “Bitcoin”

In November 2008, an article was registered in a cryptographic distribution list signed with the name Satoshi Nakamoto and titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer electronic cash system. This document details how to use a peer-to-peer network to create “a system for electronic transactions that does not depend on trust”. On January 4, 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto registers the first block (known as the block of genesis), thus creating the Bitcoin network and the issuance of the first bitcoins, as well as the launch of the first Bitcoin open source client.

Programmer Hal Finney was one of the first people to adopt, support and contribute to Bitcoin. Finney downloaded the Bitcoin software on the day it was launched, and received 10 bitcoins from Nakamoto in the first bitcoin transaction in the world. Other of the first were Wei Dai, creator of b-money, and Nick Szabo, creator of bit gold, both predecessors of Bitcoin.

In the first days, it is estimated that Nakamoto mined a million bitcoins. Before disappearing, Nakamoto in a certain sense handed over the reins to developer Gavin Andresen, who later became Bitcoin’s leading developer at the Bitcoin Foundation, Bitcoin’s “anarchic” community closest to an official public face.

The first transactions in bitcoins were negotiated between individuals in the bitcointalk forums with a notable transaction of 10,000 BTC used to buy indirectly two pizzas delivered by Papa John’s.

On August 6, 2010, a significant vulnerability was detected in the Bitcoin protocol. The transactions were not verified properly before they were included in the chain of blocks, which allowed to avoid the economic restrictions of Bitcoin and create an indefinite number of bitcoins. On August 15, the vulnerability was exploited actively: more than 184 billion bitcoins were generated in one transaction and sent to two addresses in the network. In a matter of hours, the transaction was detected and deleted from the blockchain. Subsequently, the network branched off to an updated version of the Bitcoin protocol. This has been the only major security flaw found and exploited in the history of Bitcoin

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